THE CONTROVERSY OVER DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY

Does economic development lead to political democracy? Or does political democracy generates economic development?

Through reviewing literature of political economic of development this study attempts to show audience at least five (5) possible patterns and theoretical explanation of the connection between development and democracy. There are:

Development first democracy later also modernization theory.
Political change process.
Development not leads to democracy.
Democracy first development later.
Democracy not matters in development.

Furthermore, I point out that in the process of democratization economic development varies from stage to stage it declines in the early phrase but increasing the later. Investigation economic change corresponding to political transition is critical to reconsider the causality between development and democracy.

I believe that each theoretical angel has its own strength and weaknesses in any case we might find some examples exceptional or contrast to it.

However, I would emphasizes that considering the connections between development and democracy in direct or a linear way might be naïve and cannot have a big and complete picture of the paths or tracks evolving to either democracy starts with development or development starts with democracy while investigation the process of political transition or democratization indirect and non linear track spread out political stability and economic performance vary from stage to stage.

Again, does development go first democracy later? Or democracy goes first development later? Clearly, I can conclude that the controversy over these two is inclusive and will be continuing.

I . C . E

We all carry our mobile phones with names & numbers stored in its memory but nobody, other than ourselves, knows which of these numbers belong to our closest family or friends.

If we were to be involved in an accident or were taken ill, the people attending us would have our mobile phone but wouldn't know who to call. Yes, there are hundreds of numbers stored but which one is the contact person in case of an emergency? Hence this 'ICE' (In Case of Emergency) Campaign

The concept of 'ICE' is catching on quickly. It is a method of contact during emergency situations. As cell phones are carried by the majority of the population, all you need to do is store the number of a contact person or persons who should be contacted during emergency under the name 'ICE' ( In Case Of Emergency).

The idea was thought up by a paramedic who found that when he went to the scenes of accidents, there were always mobile phones with patients, but they didn't know which number to call. He therefore thought that it would be a good idea if there was a nationally recognized name for this purpose.

In an emergency situation, Emergency Service personnel and hospital Staff would be able to quickly contact the right person by simply dialing the number you have stored as 'ICE.' For more than one contact name simply enter ICE1, ICE2 and ICE3 etc.

A great idea that will make a difference! Let's spread the concept of ICE by storing an ICE number in our Mobile phones today!

It won't take too many 'forwards' before everybody will know about this It really could save your life, or put a loved one's mind at rest . ICE will speak for you when you are not able to.

'MeNeYNeY ?'

I went out with eLFy today. His drops- by at the book store. After minutes he get back in car and asked me ‘B meneyney stand for?’ I asked him to come again. He said ‘meneyney stand for what?’ I don’t get what his mean. ‘yea la td acik kedai tue ade borak2 dgn kwn dia dlm kedai tue. Then dia sebut meneyney.agak menarik pekataan nye so I wish to know the meaning of this word’ said eLFy. I think for a while. For the god say, I don’t know what ‘meneyney’ stand for even though I’m absolute kedahan. I never come across this word before. ‘ntahla L aku pun ak pnah dgr jg.’ I said.

I get my phone and text my friend asks him whether he/she knows the meaning for ‘meneyney’. I text my friend who is kelantanese and kedahan too etc. they also don’t know. So I said to eLFy that no one knows.

Suddenly, the ‘womanizer’ song on air as usual he likes to sing all his favorite song each time it is on air. But this song sound different today. The womanizer part turn to ‘meneney..meneyney.meneyney bebeh’ (sudah tukar ka??) but the singer still used womanizer only eLFy changed it by his own. We fetch erine and aril after that. When the time they get into car,

eLFy :‘meneyney guys..’
(They shocked for a moment and replied)
Aril&erine : ‘meneyney u too’
Me :‘meneyney mane jer today?’
Erine : ‘Jelutong’
Aril :‘meneyney laa?’
eLFy :‘a’ah la aku pun meneyney jugek.’
Me :‘meneyney jer la memane jup g break1st dulu.’
eLFy :’ Meneyney ajer’
erine : aNNe mane?
eLFy :meneyney la ape lg. meneyney la dia. Later on dia meneyney kite kat cne.

A long the journey eLFy enjoyed playing with this ‘meneyney’ words. He applied it every where. (menyanyi pun semua lirik dah tukar dan ade jer words meneyney). I asked him why we used this word even we don’t know the exact meaning of this word at all. What if it means for something bad or not good then.eLFy simply said that it is okay to play with that until we know the exact meaning of this ‘multi’ word. Later on we can change it. (nenek eLFy ckp tak tau tak pe tak berdosa..) For the whole day we enjoyed and happy playing with this word ‘meneyney’ especially eLFy.

I decide to post it here because may be someone can gives us the exact meaning of this meneyney. We appreciate it much.

This situation also remind me to my best friend when the first time he saw ‘AIMST’ signboard. He pronounce it as ‘aim set’ then I correct him “not aim set but pronounce it as aims” he refused to changed and he happy with the way he pronounced it. hehehehehehe

INFECTION PREVENTION

Infection prevention

People with severe aplastic anemia are at risk for life-threatening infections. Even a common infection like a cold could become serious. To help prevent infection, people with severe aplastic anemia need to protect themselves from germs. Steps to take may include avoiding crowds and sick people. If you have severe aplastic anemia, talk with your doctor about how you can reduce your risk of infection.

If a fever or other signs of infection appear, the infection must be treated quickly. The most common treatment for infection is antibiotics.

Making treatment choices

If you or your child has severe aplastic anemia, it is important to see a doctor who is an expert in the disease. If your doctor has not treated other patients with aplastic anemia, ask him or her to refer you to an expert for consultation.

A doctor who is an expert in aplastic anemia can talk with you about your treatment options and explain the possible risks and benefits. Whatever treatment you and your doctor decide on, you may choose to be part of a clinical trial. Clinical trials help doctors gain knowledge that can improve treatments for patients in the future. Even standard treatments continue to be studied in clinical trials.

The two standard treatments, immunosuppressive therapy and transplant, have similar long-term survival rates for some groups of patients. Both treatments have potential risks and side effects:
· A transplant has higher risks of life-threatening side effects early after treatment, but a transplant can bring a long-term cure.
· Immunosuppressive therapy has fewer early risks, but most people are not cured and need treatment for the long term.
·Both treatments have some risks of long-term side effects or complications.
· The possible risks and benefits of these treatments vary from one person to another, depending on age and other health factors.

Many doctors recommend a transplant for patients age 20 or younger, especially those who have a suitably matched sibling donor. Doctors also recommend a transplant for many patients between age 20 and 40 who have a suitable sibling donor. For patients older than age 40 and those who do not have a suitable sibling donor, many doctors recommend trying immunosuppressive therapy first. However, age is only one of the factors to look at when making treatment choices. If a patient does not respond to immunosuppressive therapy within three to four months, a transplant using either a sibling or an unrelated donor or cord blood unit may be an option.

The time between diagnosis and transplant can affect transplant outcomes. To improve your chances of a successful transplant, you and your doctor can plan ahead. A consultation with a transplant doctor can help determine whether a transplant is a good option for you, either as the first treatment of choice or as a second treatment if immunosuppressive therapy fails.

Even if you begin treatment with immunosuppressive therapy, your doctor can take steps to be prepared if immunosuppressive therapy does not give you good results. Your doctor can check whether you have any possible donors in your family. He or she can also search the National Marrow Donor Program Registry for potential unrelated volunteer donors or cord blood units. That way, if you and your doctor decide you need a transplant later, the first steps of the donor search will be done and you may be able to move to transplant more quickly.

TREATMENT

Aplastic anemia treatment options.

Treatment options for aplastic anemia depend on how severe the disease is. A person with moderate aplastic anemia may not need any treatment. Instead, doctors will check blood counts regularly to watch for signs the disease is getting worse.
A person with severe or very severe aplastic anemia needs treatment as soon as possible. For severe and very severe aplastic anemia, standard treatment options (all discussed further below) include:

· Supportive care to keep a patient stable until other treatment can begin or take effect.
· Immunosuppressive therapy — drugs that suppress (weaken) the immune system.
· Bone marrow or cord blood transplant (also called BMT).

All patients with severe aplastic anemia will need supportive care, but the only treatments that can cure the disease or manage it for the long-term are a transplant or immunosuppressive therapy. A transplant is the preferred standard treatment for many patients, while immunosuppressive therapy is the first choice for others.
Research into treatment of aplastic anemia is ongoing, so other, newer treatment options may also be available. Whichever treatment you and your doctor decide on, you may choose to be part of a clinical trial. Even standard treatments continue to be studied in clinical trials. These studies help doctors improve treatments so that more patients can have better results.

Supportive care — blood transfusions, growth factors, infection prevention

Patients with severe or very severe aplastic anemia will need supportive care. Supportive care such as blood transfusions, growth factors and infection prevention are not a cure. However, supportive care can manage symptoms until other treatments can begin or take effect.

Some people may also choose supportive care as their only treatment. People who are older or who have other health problems may be unable to tolerate stronger treatment. Other people weigh the possible risks and benefits of different treatment options and choose supportive care. Supportive care does not offer the possibility of curing or controlling severe aplastic anemia for the long-term, but it may provide a person with a higher quality of life.

Blood transfusions

People with severe aplastic anemia usually need blood transfusions.
· Platelet transfusions reduce the risk of life-threatening bleeding caused by very low numbers of platelets.
· Red blood cell transfusions reduce problems with being very tired and short of breath.

Transfusions are an important treatment to manage the symptoms of aplastic anemia. If you have severe aplastic anemia, your doctor will determine when you need transfusions and manage the possible risks. For patients with severe aplastic anemia, doctors try to give as few transfusions as possible to:

· Limit the amount of iron that builds up in the body from red blood cell transfusions. Large amounts of iron in the body cause organ damage. Patients who need many red blood cell transfusions may receive additional treatment to remove iron from the body (iron chelation therapy).
· Reduce risks the immune system will develop antibodies (immune cells) that attack transfused platelets.
· Prepare for the possibility of a transplant. For patients treated with transplant, having many transfusions increases transplant risks.

In addition, it is common to treat the blood with radiation and to filter the white blood cells out of the blood before it is given in a transfusion. These steps help reduce the risks of an immune system reaction against transfused platelets and risks of a potential transplant, as well as risks of other possible complications.
If there is any chance a patient may receive a transplant, the doctor will avoid giving the patient blood donated by a family member. If that family member is later found to be a suitable donor for a transplant, the patient's immune system may react against the transplant.

Growth factors

Growth factors are drugs that help the body make more blood cells. A person with aplastic anemia may be given growth factors to try to reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions. However, in many cases of aplastic anemia, the marrow does not respond to growth factors.

Growth factors may also be given after treatment with immunosuppressive therapy or transplant. In this case, growth factors often are effective. They can help speed up new blood cell production, reducing a person's need for transfusions and reducing infection risks.

ANEMIA

Guys, now i'm here to let u know something about me. this are the thing that make me worried lately. this is the answer to all question that people always asked me on what going on my health condition lately..;-)

What is anemia?

Anemia is a medical condition in which the red blood cell count or hemoglobin is less than normal. The normal level of hemoglobin is generally different in males and females. For men, anemia is typically defined as hemoglobin level of less than 13.5 gram/100ml and in women as hemoglobin of less than 12.0 gram/100ml. These definitions may vary slightly depending on the source and the laboratory reference used. There various types of anemia. I'm patient of APLASTIC ANEMIA.

what is Aplastic anemia?

Aplastic anemia is a disease of the bone marrow. The bone marrow stops making enough red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets for the body. Any blood cells the marrow does make are normal, but there are not enough of them. Aplastic anemia can be moderate, severe or very severe. People with severe or very severe aplastic anemia are at risk for life-threatening infections or bleeding.

Aplastic anemia causes, symptoms and diagnosis

Aplastic anemia is a rare disease. About 3 out of every 1 million people in the United States get aplastic anemia each year. The disease appears more often in eastern Asian countries, where it affects about 15 out of every 1 million people. It can affect people of any age.

Causes

The bone marrow produces all of the blood cells for the body:
· Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of your body.
· White blood cells help the body fight infection.
· Platelets help control bleeding.

Each blood cell lives only a certain number of days, so the body needs a steady supply. Healthy bone marrow is always making new blood cells. However, in aplastic anemia, the marrow makes a much smaller number than normal of all three types of blood cells. In very severe cases, the marrow can stop making any blood cells at all.

In most cases, doctors do not know the cause of aplastic anemia. In about 20% of patients, the disease develops from an inherited disorder, such as Fanconi anemia. Aplastic anemia may also be caused by high doses of radiation or certain chemicals or viruses. There is evidence that in many people aplastic anemia is an autoimmune disease. This means that the body's immune system is reacting against itself. The immune system attacks the bone marrow and stops it from making enough blood cells.

Symptoms

Symptoms of aplastic anemia are caused by low numbers of blood cells. The severity of a person's symptoms depends on the number of blood cells he or she has.
· Low numbers of red blood cells can cause a person to feel tired or weak, be short of breath and look pale.
· Low numbers of white blood cells can lead to frequent or severe infections.
· Low numbers of platelets can lead to easy bleeding or bruising and tiny red spots under the skin (petechiae), or bleeding that is hard to stop.
For a person with moderate aplastic anemia, these symptoms may be mild or moderate. For a person with severe or very severe aplastic anemia, infections or bleeding can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis

To diagnose aplastic anemia, doctors look at samples of blood and bone marrow. In aplastic anemia, the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the blood are all low. There are two types of samples that can be collected from the bone marrow. A bone marrow aspiration uses a needle to extract a small amount of liquid marrow. A bone marrow biopsy uses a special needle to remove an intact core of marrow. Aspirations and biopsies are both usually taken from the back of the hip bone.

In aplastic anemia, the marrow samples show low numbers of cells. The few cells that do appear are normal (not cancer cells). Based on the number of cells that appear, doctors diagnose the disease as moderate, severe or very severe aplastic anemia. Moderate aplastic anemia sometimes becomes severe over time, so doctors will watch for signs the disease is changing.

sToRy BeHiND TeLuR BuNgKuS

Yesterday we (me,eLFy,aNNe,aman,aril and erine) went for dinner around this merbok area. This famous restaurant was very near to our place. After minutes we get our table and it is near to the river. After that, the waiter come and asked order from us. We decide to have kind of Thai food. So we asked for:

Nasi Puteh
Tomyam Campur,
Daging masak merah
Telur Bungkus
Kalian ikan masin
Drinks

About an hour later our meals delivered to our table and there is something arrived put in plastic bag. We just wonder if this is belonging to others. We can not realize that there is one missing meal on our table. eLFy called the waiters and said that this is not mine. The waiter simply said that it is ours. Again eLFy said no that not us. But this waiter can not get us. So I just explain it again that is not us. He is not satisfied and gets our order list and showed us. We check it out and nothing wrong with that. So he just said that he was right. He said that we refuse to pay for that. Every body was looked at us. Then he just go to his friend and they laugh when they see us.
We don’t satisfied yet.

Suddenly eLFy just realize that one meals missing there.
eLFy: telur bungkus kite tak de?
Me: a’ah la..(my heart said something to me)

I just faced eLFy and we smiles at one another. So eLFy feel that he going to teach that rude waiter a lesson. huhuhuhuhu
He called that waiter. Then he just stand and said that..

‘abang syg td ktorg order telur bungkus bukannye telur goreng yg di bungkus untuk dib aw balik ke rumah..kalau telur goreng mcm nie tak de makne nye la nak bungkus2 kat rumah pown boleh buat sendiri lg sedap!!!laen kali elok2 amek order yer and jgn simply nak menhanjeng org tak tentu pasal di atas kebodohan sendiri!!

aNNe said:

sekarang abg amek telur nie bukak mulut luas2 and makan yer sampai habis ajak kwn tue sekali ek..tak pe..tak pe ktorg kebetulan duit lebih banyak tak tau pe nak buat jadi ktorg decide utk belanje abg2 yg baek hati nie la ek..

eLFy just throw that egg straight towards the waiter. Both of them start to become lion at the moment. The peace just now turns to war situation at Palestine. That waiter get his friends and wish to attack eLFy & aNNe back. Huhuhuhu now it’s become more serious. Then me,aril.erine and aman stand together with eLFy & aNNe as one battalion to get ready to attack them back. (Even though at the moment I don’t what to do?) But they are my friends so I need to be with them in any kind of situation. Huhuhuhuhu

Few minutes after that, the owner come and seek for apologize from us. Then I said it is okay but your waiter doesn’t know how to treat customer in the right manner. So the owner gives us half discount price for our meals as he mean to seek for apology from us. He realizes that we are the regular customer there.

eLFy said to me that he wont do that way if the waiter don’t do it to him first. Yeah I’m absolutely agreed with him. He always remind me to protect myself and react when people cheat or make fool on us. My best friend also said the same thing before. He said that ‘Bila Terancam tak de pape nak di buat..MENJERIT..so that we can caught people attention and others can’t dare to harm on us..’ But I don’t know how to ‘menjerit’ even though all my friends around me like to perform it. He always like to ‘menjerit’ when his favorite song on air, he feel like he is in a danger, he stress etc. he afraid each and every time we went to hospital. I always remind him don’t ‘menjerit’ at this area because it might cause people die. This situation actually makes me miss my best friend much and all the sweat memories between us start to come out in my mind. In a way we finished up our meals I really don’t realize that I talking much bout my best friend. Suddenly eLFy asked me.’B u teringat kwn baek u ek..rindu di ke?’ aNNe said.’B I know u miss him much right. Be strong. Every thing will be fine.’ Then my tears start to fall in down. I don’t know what else to say. I still remember what he told me before..’berkawan tak kan putus tp bercinta je yg ade braek off’ I said to my self it is okay every thing will be fine. I gives them my smiles.( again I remember what he said to me. keep smiling because there might be someone will fall in love with you)

I’m proud to all of my friends around me. They are great in protecting themselves. They know how to make people respect on them. They always teach me on something about this world. That’s all about the story behind TELUR BUNGKUS’..;-)